disprop.and indiscriminate use of force by the idf in jenin

IX. DISPROPORTIONATE AND INDISCRIMINATE USE OF FORCE WITHOUT MILITARY
NECESSITY BY THE IDF


Destruction of the Civilian Infrastructure
The wide-scale destruction of the Jenin camp has shocked many observers.
Much of the physical damage was caused by bulldozers sent in to clear paths
through Jenin camp's narrow, winding alleys. In some cases civilians were
not adequately warned of the impending destruction, and in one case a
handicapped person died as his house was bulldozed above him and as
relatives pleaded with the soldiers to stop (see below). Others were caught
inside as the destruction began. The damage caused by the bulldozers caused
permanent damage to many buildings and rendered others uninhabitable or
unsafe. Water and sewage mains were disrupted, as well as much of the other
infrastructure.

Particularly in the initial stages of the incursion, witnesses described how
the IDF's armored bulldozers began destroying their homes while they were
still inside, endangering the lives of civilians. Bulldozers initially
entered the al-Damaj area of the camp on the east hill of the camp.
Bulldozers were able to enter the area below Hawashin area on April 6 and 7,
and the Hawashin district on April 9 and 10.

Ahmad Jalamna, aged thirty-seven, lived on the southeast outskirts of the
Jenin refugee camp, where bulldozers first entered the camp at the beginning
of the incursion. He recalled how IDF bulldozers began destroying his home
while his family was still inside on the second day of the attack, April 4,
and then shot at his elderly mother when she tried to go outside and stop
the bulldozers:

  Then they brought the bulldozers. In ten minutes, they had destroyed the
shop [in front of the house] and some of the rooms [of my house]. I was in
the basement and came inside with the others. I told my mother to go out.
When the soldiers saw her, they started shooting at her and I pulled her
back inside. Then, they threw a sound bomb inside.133

Human Rights Watch documented one case in which a civilian was buried alive
when IDF bulldozers collapsed his home. Jamal Fayid was a
thirty-seven-year-old paralyzed man living in the Jurrat al-Dahab area of
the camp, and his family could not evacuate him in time. Despite the pleas
of the family, the IDF bulldozer refused to stop the demolition of the home
on April 6. Jamal Fayid was killed in the collapsed building (see below for
more details). It is difficult to see what military goal could have been
furthered or what legitimate consideration of military necessity could be
put forward to justify the crushing to death of Jamal Fayid without giving
his family the opportunity to remove him from his home. The remains of a
number of Palestinian militants have been recovered from collapsed
buildings, as well as those of civilians who were known to have died but
whose remains could not be evacuated prior to the bulldozing. At this
writing, recovery efforts continue at the Jenin refugee camp, and it is
possible that more remains of civilians or armed Palestinians killed during
the bulldozing will be recovered. Human Rights Watch is not aware of any
cases of missing people who are believed to be buried under the rubble at
the time of this report.

On April 9 in the Hashawin area, Samia Abu Sha`ab described how his father
was shot dead by IDF soldiers after trying to get bulldozers to stop
destroying their home while they were inside: "The bulldozers started
destroying the outside half of our house. Half of the house was very
destroyed. My father went out to see what had happened. He spoke to the
driver of the bulldozer and explained that his family was inside. The
bulldozer stopped."134 Shortly afterwards, Samia's father, Muhammad Abu
Sha`ab, was shot dead by an Israeli sniper as he stood inside his
half-destroyed home (see below). The family was forced to flee the home and
had to abandon the corpse of their father inside. When they returned after
the offensive, their home had been bulldozed and they had to use a bulldozer
to recover their father's remains.

The most significant damage occurred in Hawashin district after the April 9
ambush and killing of Israeli soldiers by Palestinian militants. Because
most residents had fled the area by the time it was leveled by bulldozers,
Human Rights Watch has been unable to establish precisely when the damage
occurred. It is thus difficult to compile an accurate picture of when and
how the razing took place. However, it is clear from the wholesale damage,
the only area of Jenin camp to be completely leveled, that the destruction
was deliberately comprehensive.

Based on detailed maps in which individual buildings can be identified,
Human Rights Watch counted a total of 140 completely destroyed buildings in
the camp-many multi-family dwellings-of which more than one hundred were
located in the completely razed area of the Hawashin district. While there
is no doubt that Palestinian fighters in the Hawashin district had set up
obstacles and risks to IDF soldiers, the wholesale leveling of the entire
district extended well beyond any conceivable purpose of gaining access to
fighters, and was vastly disproportionate to the military objectives
pursued.

The destruction in other areas of the camp was indiscriminate in its effect
on the civilian population, and disproportionate to the military objective
obtained. Aside from the razed Hawashin district, over 200 houses sustained
major damage, most so serious as to render the homes within uninhabitable.
Those assessments were based only on those houses where damage is externally
visible. At the time of Human Rights Watch's research no assessment had been
made of how many houses had been damaged by the internal "mouseholing" IDF
forces used to get from house to house. UNRWA has registered at least 400
families who were rendered homeless by the IDF military operation in the
camp, and estimates that their final count of families rendered homeless
could reach as high as 800, according to UNRWA Director for the West Bank
Richard Cook.135 Based on this estimate, as many as 4,000 residents,
representing more than a quarter of the camp's residents, could have been
rendered homeless.

The wholesale leveling of more than one hundred buildings in Hawashin
district, most of them multi-family dwellings, was clearly an act of
extensive destruction. Hawashin district-the location of the ambush in which
Israeli forces suffered their greatest casualties-was the only area of the
campaign to be targeted for such complete destruction. Those who argue that
the IDF's actions there were justified point to the many explosive devices
found in the district, and speculate that many of the houses may have been
booby-trapped. The last Palestinian fighters to surrender were holed up in
Hawashin district. Important in this context is also the fact that Israeli
forces at the time were under considerable political and diplomatic pressure
to conclude the operation quickly. While it may be the case that the
wholesale leveling of the district fulfilled a military objective,
speculation concerning the extent of improvised explosive devices in the
area and reasons of expediency were not sufficient grounds to meet the
"absolutely necessary" standard required by international humanitarian law.
The extraordinary degree of destruction in this particular area raises
serious questions about the military rationale that could have justified
such actions. This is a case that fully justifies the need for a U.N.
fact-finding team to give its utmost priority to the situation in the
Hawashin district.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which promotes
adherence to the Geneva Conventions, took the unusual step of speaking out
publicly about the extent of destruction of the civilian infrastructure in
Jenin camp and the inadequate safeguards taken by the IDF to protect
civilian life and property in the camp. Rene Kosirnik, the head of the ICRC
delegation, stated:

  When we are confronted with the extent of destruction in an area of
civilian concentration, it is difficult to accept that international
humanitarian law has been fully respected.... If you suspect your [military]
operation will cause disproportionate damage to civilians or civilian
property, then you have to stop the operation.136

Human Rights Watch concludes that the Israeli military actions in the Jenin
refugee camp included both indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks. Some
attacks were indiscriminate because Israeli forces, particularly the IDF
helicopters, did not focus their firepower only towards legitimate military
targets, but rather fired into the camp at random. This indiscriminate use
of firepower added significantly to the civilian casualty toll of the
fighting and the destruction of civilian homes in the camp. The Israeli
offensive in Jenin refugee camp was also disproportionate, because the
incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, and damage to
civilian objects was excessive in relation to the concrete and direct
military advantage anticipated.

Inability of Civilians to Flee
Thousands of civilian refugees remained in the camp when the IDF launched
its attack. Many became trapped inside their homes by the crossfire that
raged around them. Camp residents were also trapped in their houses by IDF
gunmen, such as the one who shot at twenty-one year old Susanna al-Ghada'
when she moved aside a curtain from her window on April 5, and the one who
shot seventy-year-old Yusuf Muhammad as he ran to call in children playing
in his neighbor's yard on April 6.137

Many of the people interviewed by Human Rights Watch described being unable
to flee the camp, initially because of the fighting, and later because they
had been confined to their houses by IDF soldiers. Fifteen-year old Rhim
Salem was kept by IDF soldiers in a house at the edge of Hawashin district
until April 15 with twenty-four other people; soldiers also occupied the
house, which borders the area completely reduced to rubble.138 Many
residents ran from house to house inside the camp as the houses they were
sheltering in were progressively targeted by IDF fire.

Many civilians were also trapped by the fighting, unable to leave their
homes and flee to safety. Lina Sa`adiya, in her late forties, lived with her
brother's family and mother in a home near the government hospital. Lina's
elderly mother, Farida, was paralyzed and often confused. On April 3, the
first day of the incursion, the family was eating lunch when a
helicopter-fired missile hit the kitchen, and the second floor began to
burn. At first the family called for help, but realizing that no one would
be able to come to them, they fled to a neighbor's house, two doors away.

  The next day, April 4, the fighting raged around the home where Sa`adiya
and her family were staying. Armed Palestinians in nearby houses exchanged
fire with IDF snipers. IDF helicopters sprayed the area with gunfire and
missiles. The owner of the house and Lina's brother's family fled. For six
days, Lina and her mother stayed in the home, unable to run, surrounded by
broken glass, dust, and continuous shooting. They had no food. They drank
from the water tank but it was shot in the fighting and the water eventually
drained away.


IDF soldiers discovered Lina and her mother at the house on April 10 and
ordered them to leave that afternoon. "A soldier came back and told us to go
to the mosque. He said they were going to lay explosives in the area because
there was still resistance in the area."139 Lina asked the soldiers to help
her carry her mother, but they refused, shouting at her to shut up. Lina
told Human Rights Watch:

  My mother was screaming from pain and distress. I tried to carry her, but
I couldn't, I was too weak. I tried to go back to my house, but it had been
destroyed by the bulldozer. The camp was empty and all the people had gone
away. I dragged my mother through the road, full of glass and rubble and
heavy shooting. I saw someone's leg, blown off, on the street. I dragged her
for an hour. Her feet were bleeding and she was screaming. I went into a
house but it was half gone and there was a dead body in there.140

Lina and her mother eventually found shelter in another house in the same
area. They found a packet of dry biscuits and two bottles of water, which
sustained them for the four nights they stayed there. Lina and her mother
were still in the house when, on April 14, she heard the sound of a
bulldozer and the house began to shake. She ran outside, shouted at the
driver, and ran in again to drag her mother out. The second floor of the
house caved in as they left. Lina eventually found another house, badly
damaged and with a corpse under the rubble. She and her mother stayed there
another four days before they were discovered and taken to hospital by
foreign journalists on April 18-fifteen days after they had first come under
fire.

Nidal Abu Khurj explained how he and his family had been forced to move from
house to house in the refugee camp as the houses in which they were taking
shelter came under attack from IDF helicopters and tanks. They were first
forced to flee their father's house when a neighboring house caught on fire
from helicopter shelling, and then spent one night in a brother's house
where they came under constant IDF fire. They then fled to a second
brother's house, where they again came under attack from helicopters and
were forced to remain in the bathroom with twenty-four people to avoid the
shelling.141

On April 7, Khadwa Ahmad Hassan Samara, aged thirty-five, was sheltering
with her three children and twelve others in the ground floor of her house
in the al-Damaj area of the camp. Fighting raged around the area, with armed
Palestinians present some thirty meters away. A missile hit the third floor
of the house around noon, destroying an exterior wall and a water tank. At
11:30 p.m. the family was startled by the sound of a bulldozer approaching.

Samara told Human Rights Watch:

  The first thing they destroyed was the main door. No one could open it. We
were trying to sleep in the bedroom. That is, kids were asleep but the
adults were awake, worrying. When the bulldozer came I had a mobile. I rang
my husband and screamed, "Help! Call the Red Cross! The Red Crescent! Do
anything!"142

She and the others shouted and placed three lanterns to try and signal that
the house was inhabited. They could not leave the house because the only
door had become blocked with rubble from the bulldozing. The bulldozer left
after demolishing the front stairwell, only to return at 5:00 a.m. Samara
and her family were fortunate: the bulldozer stopped after demolishing the
bathroom and the children's bedroom. She and the others broke a window and
ran to a neighbor's house. There they had fifteen minutes of rest before the
bulldozer approached again:

  We smashed a hole in the exterior wall, using anything we could
find-hammers, old bits of pipe, whatever. One by one we climbed out of the
hole and went to the house of the brother of Muhammad, my neighbor. We
arrived there circa 6:30 a.m.143

On April 9, Samara and her family were sheltering in a third house, along
with more than twenty-five other civilians. Samara did not hear any IDF
warning to evacuate. It was a telephone call from a relative in Jordan, who
was watching the al-Jazeera television station, that convinced Samara and
the others to leave. Samara called her husband, trapped at his workplace
outside the camp, to check. He confirmed that the IDF had told the
inhabitants to leave the camp. Samara and the others made white flags, and
left the house at 4:00 p.m.144 She and her family were stopped by an IDF
tank some fifty meters away, and were told repeatedly to return to their
houses. After waiting for several hours in the street, Samara and her family
were allowed to walk to al-Razi hospital, outside the camp, and arrived
safely at 7:00 p.m.

Indiscriminate Helicopter Fire
Although missiles had been used from the beginning of the incursion, their
use became particularly intense in the early morning hours of April 6.
Testimony collected by Human Rights Watch indicates that many areas of the
refugee camp were fired upon at that time, catching many sleeping civilians
unaware. Many of the rockets used were U.S.-made wire-guided TOW missiles.
The evidence gathered by Human Rights Watch suggests that many of the TOW
missiles indiscriminately hit civilian homes and in at least one case a
civilian was killed when she was struck by a helicopter missile. The number
of solely civilian objects hit in the helicopter attacks the early morning
of April 6 suggests that insufficient care was taken by Israeli forces to
target only military objects. Due to the dense urban setting of the refugee
camp, fighters and civilians were never at great distances. Nevertheless,
such proximity does not provide a valid excuse by Israeli forces' action in
firing upon the entire area as if it were a single military target.

Kamal Tawalba, a forty-three-year-old father of fourteen children, offered
one of many compelling accounts that showed how IDF tanks and helicopters
made little distinction between legitimate military targets and civilian
homes. He told Human Rights Watch that he was alone with his family at his
home on the morning of Saturday, April 6, and had harbored no Palestinian
militants in his home: "There were no fighters in my house. I have fourteen
children and would never have taken such a risk." The family was asleep on
the bottom floor of their home when a tank shell hit the floor above them,
setting the house on fire. He and his family tried to leave, but were
prevented from doing so when IDF soldiers shot at them: "I went to the gate
and started calling to the IDF soldiers to allow us to go out. I tried to
ask for help-I held two children in my arms-but they started shooting at the
windows."145 A few minutes later, two TOW-missiles hit the top floor of his
home, causing more destruction: "After two minutes, two more missiles came
to the house from an Apache helicopter. I can tell the difference [with the
tank shells] because we could see the wires from the Apache helicopter
[guiding the missile]. I took my small baby-there was so much dust-and I
went outside without caring about the soldiers. A soldier started shooting
at me and told me to put the children down. He took me in the street and
told me to take off my clothes."146

Thirty-one-year-old Samira Shalabi was with twelve civilians, including six
children, who had gathered together for safety in Samira's mother's house on
Matahin street above the UNRWA school. She says there were no fighters in
the nearby area.

  We were sleeping there; there were twelve of us. First, they fired a
rocket and some of it fell down into this room. The windows fell in on us
and because we couldn't breathe, we left the room and went into the hallway.
But the helicopters didn't stop, they kept firing rockets continuously.
People tried to help us get out, because the rocket blast had sealed the
door shut, we had to go out the kitchen window.147

A four-year-old girl, Sara Shalabi, was injured by shrapnel in that attack;
while her injuries were light enough to be initially treated with first-aid,
she now needs an operation to remove shrapnel.

Many other buildings fired upon in that attack housed only civilians, for
example Yusra Abu Khurj, a mentally disabled woman who lived in the district
below Hawashin near the entrance to the camp. She was killed by a missile
from an Apache helicopter fired directly into her top-floor room in a
building at approximately 6:00 a.m.; the building was occupied only by
civilians (see below for more details).

Indiscriminate attacks were most intense on April 6, but they did not
entirely abate afterwards. Khadija al-Ruzi, aged fifty-four, described how
her family had to flee their home in the Hawashin area camp after fire from
an Apache helicopter set the house alight. She said that beginning on April
6, the area of the camp they were staying in came under heavy helicopter
fire.148 There were no Palestinian militants in her three-story building,
but the next day an Apache helicopter strike set the building on fire,
forcing its evacuation:

  The fourth day [April 7] we had to leave our house because [the IDF] had
hit it with a missile and it was burning. It was a three-story building. We
were in one corner in the bathroom [because it had no windows] and stayed
there with twenty-eight people, men, women, and children. We were all
civilians. When the house was burning, we had to move.149

The family ran to a neighboring house: "We left the first house when it was
first light [in the morning]. The houses are close to each other so we could
move quickly, but the shelling continued."150 They had to leave the second
home that same evening at 9:00 p.m. when it, too, came under intense tank
fire. They went out with white cloths, and the women and children were
allowed to leave the camp by the IDF soldiers in the area, while the men
were stripped of their clothes and arrested.

Some of the helicopter missile fire was so indiscriminate that it nearly
killed IDF soldiers. Seventy-two-year-old Raja Tawafshi recalled how an IDF
missile fired from a helicopter hit the top floor of his home in the Saha
area of the camp on April 3 as he was accompanying IDF soldiers who were
searching his home: "During their inspection, a bomb hit the house from the
IDF [helicopter] and damaged that floor."151

  On Wednesday, April 10, Karima Baklizia, in her sixties, was taking
shelter in her house in the Hawashin area with another woman and three
children. Although this was a time when fighting had been concentrated in
the Hawashin neighborhood, there were no Palestinian fighters present in the
house. An ambush and the deaths of Israeli soldiers the previous day in the
neighborhood had led to particularly intense attacks on that
neighborhood-according to confidential sources, the IDF fired at least
thirty-five TOW missiles into the camp immediately following the April 9
ambush.152 Baklizia and the others were hiding in a small bathroom on the
second floor. Three missiles hit the first floor of the house, and the first
floor began to burn. Baklizia and her companions tried to run to the house
next door, only to find that it, too, had been hit. They ran to a second
house, and stayed the night. In the early morning of the next day, Baklizia
and the others returned.

  I returned to my house to check the damage. As I went to check there was
another missile strike. I was in the bathroom and all the house came down.
It collapsed and I felt it shake, but the bathroom is at the beginning of
the house and it was still standing. Nobody can believe that I am still
alive.153

The women eventually climbed down and walked down to the health clinic.
Baklizia's companion took off her headscarf to use as a white flag. Both
eventually found shelter with an acquaintance near the health clinic.

Insufficient Warnings Issued by IDF
The IDF took some steps to minimize loss of life by issuing warnings to camp
residents, but in many areas of the camp residents did not receive or hear
any warnings. On multiple occasions from April 9, the IDF used loudspeakers
to urge civilians to vacate their homes. It is not clear, however, how
widely or how often the loudspeaker messages were conveyed. Many of the camp
residents interviewed by Human Rights Watch did not hear the messages
directly, but instead heard about them from neighbors, by seeing their
neighbors flee, and, as in Samara's case, by a relative watching al-Jazeera
television news in Jordan.154

Issa Wishahi, who lived near the entrance to the refugee camp and saw his
son and wife killed during the IDF offensive (see below), recalled hearing
the IDF loudspeaker messages:

  On Monday [April 8] the soldiers were saying that everyone going out of
their homes would be safe, just to carry a white flag, that everyone who
remained inside would be bulldozed. They said this in Arabic on the
loudspeakers. After that, everyone [in my neighborhood] came out into the
street.... The soldiers made that announcement from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.
on Monday.155

Fathiya Sa`adi vividly remembered the Arabic-language warning that came
blaring from IDF loudspeakers on Wednesday, April 10, at about 9:30 a.m.,
ordering civilians to evacuate their homes. She repeated the message
verbatim to Human Rights Watch:

  Inhabitants of the refugee camp of Jenin! We want to inform you that the
Israeli soldiers have occupied the camp and it is completely under Israeli
control now. We have destroyed your resistance. Now, you must immediately
leave your houses, or we will destroy the whole camp over your heads by
plane and by tanks.156

Fathiya and her family left their home, pushing their wheelchair-bound
mother in front of them. "The [Israeli] snipers were shooting in the air to
make us afraid," she recounted.157

Some of the civilian residents were too fearful to come out of their homes
when the IDF ordered them to leave. Sa`id Abu `Anas, a thirty-four-year-old
resident of the Hawashim neighborhood, recalled how on the evening of
Tuesday, April 9, he heard an announcement on the loudspeakers but was too
afraid to go outside: "The soldiers started talking on the loudspeakers,
saying we must come out and they would treat us with humanity. No one came
out because we thought we would be killed. Then they asked for the women and
children to come out-they let the children, women, and old men go out."158
Said, afraid for his life, stayed inside until Saturday, April 13, when IDF
soldiers arrested him and the other remaining men.

Many other residents did not hear the warning directly from the IDF
soldiers, but were informed by their neighbors. Samia Abu al-Saba`a, aged
forty-three, recalled: "We saw some people coming with white kafiyas [head
scarves], they said the bulldozers were destroying the Hawashin area. They
said we should leave our houses, because anyone inside will be killed. The
people told us this, not the soldiers."159 Hala' Abu Rumaila, who lived on
the outskirts of the camp and whose stepson and husband died in the IDF
attack, also recalled hearing about the evacuation order from neighbors who
had heard the IDF message. In some cases, this may have been because
soldiers did not want to expose themselves to the risk of entering
Palestinian houses. Rim Salem recalled how soldiers occupying the house
where she and twenty-four other civilians were sheltering tried to make her
mother go to the neighboring houses in Hawashin district. "They told her
they were going to destroy the house, and wanted my mother to go to the
neighbor's house to tell them to leave. My mother was afraid to do it
because of the soldiers, and the IDF was afraid of the fighters."160

Most warnings seem to have preceded imminent destruction by bulldozers.
Human Rights Watch did not receive information that similar warnings were
issued in advance of air or artillery attacks.

133 Human Rights Watch interview with Ahmad Yusuf Ibrahim Jalamna, aged
thirty-seven, Jenin, April 19, 2002.

134 Human Rights Watch interview with Samia Muhammad M`asud Abu al-Saba`a,
aged forty-three, Jenin, April 20, 2002.

135 Human Rights Watch interview with Richard J. Cook, Director of UNRWA
operations for the West Bank, April 24, 2002.

136 Chris McGreal and Brian Whitaker, "Israel Accused over Jenin Assault,"
Guardian, April 23, 2002.

137 Human Rights Watch interview with Susanna N`uaman `Abd al-Hamid
al-Ghada', aged twenty-one, Jenin, April 27, 2002; Human Rights Watch
interview with Yusuf Yassin Muhammad Kamil, aged seventy, Jenin April 20,
2002.

138 Human Rights Watch interview with Rim Jemal Muhammed Salem, aged
fifteen, Jenin, April 28, 2002.

139 Ibid.

140 Human Rights Watch interview, Lina `Abd Allah 'Abbas Sa`adiya, April 21,
2002.

141 Human Rights Watch interview with Nidal Ahmad Muhammad Abu Khurj, aged
thirty-one, Jenin, April 19, 2002.

142 Human Rights Watch interview with Khadwa Ahmad Hassan Samara, aged
thirty-five, Jenin, April 26, 2002.

143 Ibid.

144 Ibid.

145 Human Rights Watch interview with Kamal Muhammad Hussein Tawalba, aged
forty-three, Jenin, April 27, 2002.

146 Ibid.

147 Human Rights Watch interview with Samira Tawfiq Yusuf Shalabi, aged
thirty-one, Jenin, April 27, 2002.

148 Human Rights Watch interview with Khadija `Abd al-Qadir al-Ruzi, aged
fifty-four, Jenin, April 19, 2002.

149 Ibid.

150 Ibid.

151 Human Rights Watch interview with Raja Mustafa Ahmad Tawafshi, aged
seventy-two, Jenin, April 22, 2002.

152 Confidential information on file at Human Rights Watch.

153 Human Rights Watch interview, Karima Mustafa Sa`id Baklizia, April 20,
2002.

154 Human Rights Watch interview with Khadwa Ahmad Hassan Samara, aged
thirty-five, Jenin April 27, 2002.

155 Human Rights Watch interview with Issa Wishahi, aged sixty, Jenin, April
20, 2002.

156 Human Rights Watch interview with Fathiya Yusuf Sa`adi, aged thirty,
Jenin, April 20, 2002.

157 Ibid.

158 Human Rights Watch interview with Sa`id Abu `Anas, aged thirty-four,
Jenin, April 20, 2002.

159 Human Rights Watch interview with Samia Muhammad M`asud Abu al-Saba`a,
aged forty-three, April 20, 2002.

160 Human Rights Watch interview with Rim Jemal Muhammed Salem, aged
fifteen, Jenin, April 28, 2002.


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