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25 Oct 2003 17:32:48 -0700 in article
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
(Steve Harris [EMAIL PROTECTED]) wrote:
>ANTI-AGING:
>The Secret Killer
>Scientists believe they may have found a common link in
>diseases from cancer to Alzheimer's to heart disease.
>Here's the story behind the search for that link.
>by
>David Stipp
>E-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>Fortune Magazine (October 27, 2003)
<snip>
>
> But an almost surreal turn of events in medicine is beginning
>to cast doubt on those gloomy predictions. Evidence is growing that
>drugs able to lower the risk of almost every major disease of aging
>aren't far off. In fact, a slew of studies suggest that rough drafts
>of those miracle pills are no farther away than your local grocery.
>They include aspirin, ibuprofen, and similar "nonsteroidal
>anti-inflammatory drugs," commonly referred to by their acronym,
>NSAIDs (pronounced "en-sedz").
>
> Over the past decade one galvanizing report after another has
>suggested that regular users of NSAIDs are less afflicted by aging
>diseases than are nonusers. In a 2001 study a Dutch team found that
>NSAID takers had an 80% lower risk of Alzheimer's disease. A recent
>review of aspirin's effects found that long-term users had 32% less
>risk of heart attacks. Other reports indicate that NSAIDs can cut the
>risk of colon cancer by nearly half, of lung cancer and prostate
>cancer by two-thirds, and of breast cancer in women by half.
>
As a contrast a new epidemiological study reported in the yesterdays news
found that regular long-term aspirin use is associated with increased
pancreatic cancer risk in women:
Daily Aspirin Use Linked with Pancreatic Cancer
<http://dailynews.att.net/cgi-bin/news?e=pri&dt=031027&cat=news&st=newshealthcanceraspirindc>
(http://tinyurl.com/snmj)
<http://www.reuters.co.uk/newsArticle.jhtml?type=healthNews&storyID=3697657§ion=news>
(http://tinyurl.com/snmd)
<http://edition.cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/10/27/cancer.aspirin.reut/>
(http://tinyurl.com/snmi)
"... The study of 88,000 nurses found that those who took two or
more aspirins a week for 20 years or more had a 58 percent higher
risk of pancreatic cancer.
"Apart from smoking, this one of the few risk factors that have been
identified for pancreatic cancer," Dr. Eva Schernhammer of Harvard
Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, who led
the study, told a news conference.
"Initially we expected that aspirin would protect against pancreatic
cancer, especially since its preventive role in colorectal cancer
has been well documented. However, now it appears that we need to
examine the relationship more thoroughly," Schernhammer added in a
statement. ..."
This was only an epidemiological study - although quite a large one - so
only a statistical association, not a causal relation, can be concluded. And
for some other cancers, colon cancer for example, results have been the
other way round. Still, it may give some reason for concern.
Current NSAIDs are not perfect and may cause some harm, because they block
only one inflammatory pathway (COX-2), which may lead to increased
production of inflammation mediators on the other pathway (5-LOX).
Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotrienes are
produced from arachidonic acid (omega-6 fatty acid) with the help of enzymes
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), respectively. COX-2
or/and 5-LOX are overexpressed in some cancers and help them to proliferate.
Promising results have been obtained in preliminary studies for some cancer
by inhibiting COX-2 and recently also by inhibiting 5-LOX. Aspirin inhibits
COX-2, but also COX-1 even to greater extent. Inhibiting only COX-2 leads to
increased production of substances produced with the help of 5-LOX. For
example aspirin can trigger asthma attack, because it inhibits COX-2, which
leads to increased production 5-LOX products leukotrienes, which are
involved in initiating asthma attack.
Recent preliminary studies suggest that 5-LOX is overexpressed in pancreatic
cancer and that it's inhibition is beneficial in the prevention and
treatment in pancreatic cancer [1-2,6-7,9-11,13]. If one assumes that the
results of this new study are real, and aspirin promotes pancreatic cancer,
one may speculate, that one of the reasons could be the increase in 5-LOX
products caused by the COX-2 inhibition by aspirin.
There is also some preliminary evidence that 5-LOX products such as
leukotrienes may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis [14-20].
By blocking COX-2 aspirin may increase leukotriene production and therefore
perhaps slightly promote atherosclerosis, although this hypothetic effect
may be masked by aspirin's capability to prevent thromboembolic events
because of its antiplatelet action.
There have been concerns that inhibiting only one inflammatory pathway, i.e.
either only COX-2 OR 5-LOX enzyme, could have harmful effects caused by
increased production on the other pathway. Recently dual inhibitors, which
inhibit both COX-2 and 5-LOX have been under development [21-29]. Specific
5-LOX inhibitors are already available, for example Zileuton, which is used
in the treatment of asthma. Some herbal extracts also inhibit 5-LOX [30-39].
These include aethiopinone, silymarin (silybin, silibinin) and boswellia
(boswellic acids). There are even herbal dual inhibitors ginger for example
[40].
References:
Pancreatic cancer
-----------------
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5-LOX and atherosclerosis
-------------------------
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Dual 5-LOX and COX-2 inhibitors
-------------------------------
21: Charlier C, Michaux C.
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<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12932896&dopt=Abstract>
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Herbal 5-LOX inhibitors
-----------------------
Aethiopinone
............
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Silymarin (silybin, silibinin)
..............................
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Boswellia (boswellic acids)
...........................
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Herbal dual 5-LOX and COX-2 inhibitors
--------------------------------------
Ginger
......
40: Kiuchi F, Iwakami S, Shibuya M, Hanaoka F, Sankawa U.
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--
Matti Narkia
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