Physical changes to spines correlated with memory consolidation

      Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, 937 (2003); doi:10.1038/nrn1279


      [548K]

      SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
      How activity shapes spines

      Heather Wood

      Dendritic spines form the postsynaptic point of contact for most
excitatory synapses. It is known that long-term changes in synaptic efficacy
are accompanied by stabilization of spine morphology, but it is unclear
exactly how synaptic activity influences spine stability. Reporting in
Nature Neuroscience, Ackermann and Matus now propose a mechanism that relies
on activity-dependent targeting of a cytoskeletal regulator to spines.


           Photograph courtesy of
            C. H. Morgan.



      Profilin is a protein that regulates the polymerization of the main
cytoskeletal element actin. Ackermann and Matus examined the distribution of
profilin in relation to synaptic activity and spine motility. First, they
treated hippocampal neurons in culture with glutamate, which activates
postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They found that this led
to an accumulation of profilin in the dendritic spines, which was blocked if
the cells were treated with NMDA receptor antagonists.

      The authors showed that electrical stimulation of the neurons could
also cause profilin to be targeted to spines. However, only certain patterns
of electrical activity were effective, and interestingly, they were the same
patterns that elicit long-term alterations in synaptic efficacy.

      Ackermann and Matus also showed that the stabilization of spines
depended on the redistribution of profilin. They prevented profilin from
accumulating in spines by transfecting neurons with a construct that encoded
a cytoplasmic profilin-binding peptide. The dendritic spines on the
transfected cells remained in an irregular elongated conformation instead of
undergoing maturation and adopting a compact mushroom shape.

      These findings indicate a model for spine stabilization, in which
synaptic activity causes profilin to be targeted to spines, which in turn
promotes actin polymerization. Although profilin and actin do not seem to
control synaptic efficacy directly, Ackermann and Matus suggest that they
might tag synapses that are destined to undergo long-term changes, thereby
providing an important intermediate step in the process of memory
consolidation.






      References and links

           ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
            Ackermann, M. & Matus, A. Activity-induced targeting of profilin
and stabilization of dendritic spine morphology. Nature Neurosci. 6,
1194-1200 (2003) | Article  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |


           FURTHER READING
            Ottersen, O. P. & Helm, P. J. How hardwired is the brain? Nature
420, 751-752 (2002) | Article  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |


           Martin, K. C. & Kosik, K. S. Synaptic tagging -- who's it? Nature
Rev. Neurosci. 3, 813-820 (2002) | Article  | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |




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